(witness or witnesses) contains a list of one or more sigla indicating the witnesses which begin or end at this point. (witness or witnesses) contains a list of one or more pointers indicating the witnesses which attest to a given reading. classifies the reading according to some useful typology. Sample values include: 1] substantive; 2] orthographic classifies the cause for the variant reading, according to any appropriate typology of possible origins. Sample values include: 1] homeoteleuton; 2] homeoarchy; 3] paleographicConfusion; 4] haplography; 5] dittography; 6] falseEmendation (variant sequence) provides a number indicating the position of this reading in a sequence, when there is reason to presume a sequence to the variants on any one lemma. signifies the hand responsible for a particular reading in the witness. (apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and at least one reading. Only one <lem> element may appear within a single apparatus entry, whether it appears outside a <rdgGrp> element or within it. classifies the variation contained in this element according to some convenient typology. identifies the beginning of the lemma in the base text, if necessary. identifies the endpoint of the lemma in the base text, if necessary. (location) indicates the location of the variation, when the location-referenced method of apparatus markup is used. indicates the end of a lacuna in a mostly complete textual witness. indicates the beginning of a lacuna in the text of a mostly complete textual witness. (lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation. (witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically. (reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation. (reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity. declares the method used to encode text-critical variants. indicates which method is used to encode the apparatus of variants. location-referenced apparatus uses line numbers or other canonical reference scheme referenced in a base text. double-end-point apparatus indicates the precise locations of the beginning and ending of each lemma relative to a base text. parallel-segmentation alternate readings of a passage are given in parallel in the text; no notion of a base text is necessary. indicates whether the apparatus appears within the running text or external to it. internal apparatus appears within the running text. external apparatus appears outside the base text. contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation. (witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading. (witnesses) indicates the sigil or sigla for the witnesses to which the detail refers. describes the type of information given about the witness. (fragmented witness end) indicates the end, or suspension, of the text of a fragmentary witness. (fragmented witness start) indicates the beginning, or resumption, of the text of a fragmentary witness. contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil.