TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange: 4 Default Text Structure

4 Default Text Structure

Table of contents

This chapter describes the default high-level structure for TEI documents. A full TEI document combines metadata describing it, represented by a teiHeader element, with the document itself, represented by a text element. This basic pair is represented by a TEI element. The teiHeader element is specified by the header module, which is fully described in chapter 2 The TEI Header. The remainder of the present chapter describes the text element and its high-level constituents.

A variant on this basic form, the teiCorpus, is also defined for the representation of language corpora, or other collections of encoded texts. A teiCorpus consists of one or more complete TEI elements, each combining a teiHeader and a text which itself carries a teiHeader. This permits the encoder to distinguish metadata applicable to the whole collection of encoded texts, which is represented by the outermost teiHeader, from that applicable to each of the individual TEI elements within the corpus. Further information about the organization and encoding of language corpora is given in chapter 15 Language Corpora.

In summary, when the default structure module is included in a schema, the following elements are available for the representation of the outermost structure of a TEI document:

TEI (TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, comprising a TEI header and a text, either in isolation or as part of a teiCorpus element.
teiCorpus contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more TEI elements, each containing a single text header and a text.
teiHeader (TEI Header) supplies the descriptive and declarative information making up an electronic title page prefixed to every TEI-conformant text.
text contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample.

As noted above, the teiHeader element is formally declared in the header module (see chapter 2 The TEI Header). A TEI document may also contain elements from the model.resourceLike class (such as a collection of facsimile images, or a feature system declaration) if the appropriate module is included in a schema (see further 11.1 Digital Facsimiles and 18.11 Feature System Declaration respectively). By default, however, this class is not populated and hence only the elements TEI, text, and teiCorpus are available as major parts of a TEI document. These three elements are provided by the textstructure module described by the present chapter.

TEI texts may be regarded either as unitary, that is, forming an organic whole, or as composite, that is, consisting of several components which are in some important sense independent of each other. The distinction is not always entirely obvious: for example a collection of essays might be regarded as a single item in some circumstances, or as a number of distinct items in others. In such borderline cases, the encoder must choose whether to treat the text as unitary or composite; each may have advantages and disadvantages in a given situation.

Whether unitary or composite, the text is marked with the text tag and may contain front matter, a text body, and back matter. In unitary texts, the text body is tagged body; in composite texts, where the text body consists of a series of subordinate texts or groups, it is tagged group. The overall structure of any text, unitary or composite, is thus defined by the following elements:

front (front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body.
body (text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter.
group contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc.
back (back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text.

The overall structure of a unitary text is:

The overall structure of a composite text made up of two unitary texts is:

Finally, a floatingText element is provided for the case where one text is embedded within another, but does not contribute to its hierarchical organization, for example because it interrupts it, or simply quoted within it. This is useful in such common literary contexts as the ‘play within a play’ or the narrative interrupted by other (often deeply nested) multiple narratives.

Each of these elements is further described in the remainder of this chapter. Elements front and back are further discussed in sections 4.5 Front Matter and 4.7 Back Matter. The group and floatingText elements, used for more complex or composite text structures, are further discussed in section 4.3 Grouped and Floating Texts. Other textual elements, such as paragraphs, lists or phrases, which nest within these major structural elements, are discussed in chapter 3 Elements Available in All TEI Documents, in the case of elements which can appear in any kind of document, or elsewhere in the case of elements specific to particular kinds of document.

4.1 Divisions of the BodyTEI: Divisions of the Body¶

In some texts, the body consists simply of a sequence of low-level structural items, referred to here as components or component-level elements (see section 1.3 The TEI Class System). Examples in prose texts include paragraphs or lists; in dramatic texts, speeches and stage directions; in dictionaries, dictionary entries. In other cases sequences of such elements will be grouped together hierarchically into textual divisions and subdivisions, such as chapters or sections. The names used for these structural subdivisions of texts vary with the genre and period of the text, or even at the whim of the author, editor, or publisher. For example, a major subdivision of an epic or of the Bible is generally called a ‘book’, that of a report is usually called a ‘part’ or ‘section’, that of a novel a ‘chapter’ — unless it is an epistolary novel, in which case it may be called a ‘letter’. Even texts which are not organized as linear prose narratives, or not as narratives at all, will frequently be subdivided in a similar way: a drama into ‘acts’ and ‘scenes’; a reference book into ‘sections’; a diary or day book into ‘entries’; a newspaper into ‘issues’ and ‘sections’, and so forth.

Because of this variety, these Guidelines propose that all such textual divisions be regarded as occurrences of the same neutrally named elements, with an attribute type used to categorize elements independently of their hierarchic level. Two alternative styles are provided for the marking of these neutral divisions: numbered and un-numbered. Numbered divisions are named div1, div2, etc., where the number indicates the depth of this particular division within the hierarchy, the largest such division being ‘div1’, any subdivision within it being ‘div2’, any further sub-sub-division being ‘div3’ and so on. Un-numbered divisions are simply named div, and allowed to nest recursively to indicate their hierarchic depth. The two styles must not be combined within a single front, body, or back element.

4.1.1 Un-numbered DivisionsTEI: Un-numbered Divisions¶

The following element is used to identify textual subdivisions in the un-numbered style:

div (text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.

As a member of the class att.typed, this element has the following additional attributes:

att.typed provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.
type characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.
subtype provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed

Using this style, the body of a text containing two parts, each composed of two chapters, might be represented as follows:

4.1.2 Numbered DivisionsTEI: Numbered Divisions¶

The following elements are used to identify textual subdivisions in the numbered style:

div1 (level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div2 (level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div3 (level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div4 (level-4 text division) contains a fourth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div5 (level-5 text division) contains a fifth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div6 (level-6 text division) contains a sixth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
div7 (level-7 text division) contains the smallest possible subdivision of the front, body or back of a text, larger than a paragraph.

As members of the class att.typed these elements all bear the following additional attributes:

att.typed provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.
type characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.
subtype provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed

The largest possible subdivision of the body is div1 element and the smallest possible div7. If numbered divisions are in use, a division at any one level (say, div3), may contain only numbered divisions at the next lowest level (in this case, div4).

Using this style, the body of a text containing two parts, each composed of two chapters, might be represented as follows:

4.1.3 Numbered or Un-numbered?TEI: Numbered or Un-numbered?¶

Within the same front, body, or back element, all hierarchic subdivisions must be marked using either nested div elements, or div1, div2 etc. elements nested as appropriate; the two styles must not be mixed.

The choice between numbered and un-numbered divisions will depend to some extent on the complexity of the material: un-numbered divisions allow for an arbitrary depth of nesting, while numbered divisions limit the depth of the tree which can be constructed. Where divisions at different levels should be processed differently (for example to ensure that chapters, but not sections, begin on a new page), numbered divisions slightly simplify the task of defining the desired processing for each level, though this distinction could also be made by supplying this information on the type attribute of an un-numbered div. Some software may find numbered divisions easier to process, as there is no need to maintain knowledge of the whole document structure in order to know the level at which a division occurs; such software may, however, find it difficult to cope with some other aspects of the TEI scheme. On the other hand, in a collection of many works it may prove difficult or impossible to ensure that the same numbered division always corresponds with the same type of textual feature: a ‘chapter’ may be at level 1 in one work and level 3 in another.

Whichever style is used, the global n and xml:id attributes (section 1.3.1.1 Global Attributes) may be used to provide reference strings or labels for each division of a text, where appropriate. Such labels should be provided for each section which is regarded as significant for referencing purposes (on reference systems, see further section 3.10 Reference Systems).

As indicated above, the type and subtype attributes provided by the att.typed class may be used to provide a name or description for the division. Typical values might be ‘book’, ‘chapter’, ‘section’, ‘part’, or (for verse texts) ‘book’, ‘canto’, ‘stanza’, or (for dramatic texts) ‘act’, ‘scene’. The following extended example uses numbered divisions to indicate the structure of a novel, and illustrates the use of the attributes discussed above. It also uses some elements discussed in section 4.2 Elements Common to All Divisions and the p element discussed in section 3.1 Paragraphs.

<div1 type="book" n="I" xml:id="JA0100">
<head>Book I.</head>
<div2 type="chapter" n="1" xml:id="JA0101">
  <head>Of writing lives in general, and particularly of Pamela, with a word
     by the bye of Colley Cibber and others.</head>
  <p>It is a trite but true observation, that examples work more forcibly on
     the mind than precepts: ... </p>

</div2>
<div2 type="chapter" n="2" xml:id="JA0102">
  <head>Of Mr. Joseph Andrews, his birth, parentage, education, and great
     endowments; with a word or two concerning ancestors.</head>
  <p>Mr. Joseph Andrews, the hero of our ensuing history, was esteemed to
     be the only son of Gaffar and Gammar Andrews, and brother to the
     illustrious Pamela, whose virtue is at present so famous ... </p>

</div2>

<trailer>The end of the first Book</trailer>
</div1>
<div1 type="book" n="II" xml:id="JA0200">
<head>Book II</head>
<div2 type="chapter" n="1" xml:id="JA0201">
  <head>Of divisions in authors</head>
  <p>There are certain mysteries or secrets in all trades, from the highest
     to the lowest, from that of <term>prime-ministering</term>, to this of
  <term>authoring</term>, which are seldom discovered unless to members of
     the same calling ... </p>
  <p>I will dismiss this chapter with the following observation: that it
     becomes an author generally to divide a book, as it does a butcher to
     joint his meat, for such assistance is of great help to both the reader
     and the carver. And now having indulged myself a little I will endeavour
     to indulge the curiosity of my reader, who is no doubt impatient to know
     what he will find in the subsequent chapters of this book.</p>
</div2>
<div2 type="chapter" n="2" xml:id="JA0202">
  <head>A surprising instance of Mr. Adams's short memory, with the
     unfortunate consequences which it brought on Joseph.
  </head>
  <p>Mr. Adams and Joseph were now ready to depart different ways ... </p>
</div2>
</div1>

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As an alternative (or complement) to this use of the type attribute to characterize neutrally named division elements, the modification mechanisms discussed in section 23.2 Personalization and Customization may be used to define new elements such as <chapter>, <part>, etc. To make this simpler, a single member model class is defined for each of the neutrally named division elements: model.divLike (containing div), model.div1Like (containing div1), model.div2Like (containing div2), etc. For example, suppose that the body of a text consists of a series of diary entries, each of which is potentially divided into entries for the morning and the afternoon. This might be represented in any of the following ways. First, using the un-numbered style:

Equivalently, using the numbered style:

Now, assuming a customization in which a new element <diaryEntry> has been added to the model.divLike class:

And finally, assuming a customization in which three new elements have been added: <diaryEntry> to the model.div1 class, and <amEntry> and <pmEntry> both to the model.div2 class:

More information about the customization techniques exemplified here is provided in 23.2 Personalization and Customization.

4.1.4 Partial and Composite DivisionsTEI: Partial and Composite Divisions¶

In most situations, the textual subdivisions marked by div or div1 (etc.) elements will be both complete and identically organized with reference to the original source. For some purposes however, in particular where dealing with unusually large or unusually small texts, encoders may find it convenient to present as textual divisions sequences of text which are incomplete with reference to the original text, or which are in fact an ad hoc agglomeration of tiny texts. Moreover, in some kinds of texts it is difficult or impossible to determine the order in which individual subdivisions should be combined to form the next higher level of subdivision, as noted below.

To overcome these problems, the following additional attributes are defined for all elements in the att.divLike class:

att.divLike provides attributes common to all elements which behave in the same way as divisions.

org	(organization) specifies how the content of the division is organized.
sample	indicates whether this division is a sample of the original source and if so, from which part.
part	specifies whether or not the division is fragmented by some other structural element, for example a speech which is divided between two or more verse stanzas.

For example, an encoder might choose to transcribe only the first two thousand words of each chapter from a novel. In such a case, each chapter might conveniently be regarded as a partial division, and tagged with a div element in the following form:

where xx represents a number for the chapter, and the part attribute takes the value Y to indicate that this division is incomplete in some respect. Other possible values for this attribute indicate whether material has been omitted at the end (F), the beginning (B), or in the middle (M) of the division, while the gap element (3.4.3 Additions, Deletions, and Omissions) may be used to indicate exactly where material has been omitted:

The samplingDecl element in the TEI Header should also be used to record the principles underlying the selection of incomplete samples, as further described in section 2.3.2 The Sampling Declaration.

The following example demonstrates how a newspaper column composed of very short unrelated snippets may be encoded using these attributes:

<div1 type="storylist" org="composite">
<head>News in brief</head>
<div2 type="story">
  <head>Police deny <soCalled>losing</soCalled> bomb</head>
  <p>Scotland Yard yesterday denied claims in the Sunday
     Express that anti-terrorist officers trailing an IRA van
     loaded with explosives in north London had lost track of
     it 10 days ago.</p>
</div2>
<div2 type="story">
  <head>Hotel blaze</head>
  <p>Nearly 200 guests were evacuated before dawn
     yesterday after fire broke out at the Scandic
     Crown hotel in the Royal Mile, Edinburgh.</p>
</div2>
<div2 type="story">
  <head>Test match split</head>
  <p>Test Match Special next summer will be split
     between Radio 5 and Radio 3, after protests this
     year that it disrupted Radio 3's music schedule.</p>
</div2>
</div1>

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The org attribute on the div1 element is used here to indicate that individual stories in this group, marked here as div2, are really quite independent of each other, although they are all marked as subdivisions of the whole group. They can be read in any order without affecting the sense of the piece; indeed, in some cases, divisions of this nature are printed in such a way as to make it impossible to determine the order in which they are intended to be read. Individual stories can be added or removed without affecting the existing components.

This method of encoding composite texts as composite divisions has some limitations compared with the more general and powerful mechanisms discussed in section 4.3.1 Grouped Texts. However, it may be preferable in some circumstances, notably where the individual texts are very small.

4.2 Elements Common to All DivisionsTEI: Elements Common to All Divisions¶

The divisions of any kind of text may sometimes begin with a brief heading or descriptive title, with or without a byline, an epigraph or brief quotation, or a salutation such as one finds at the start of a letter. They may also conclude with a brief trailer, byline, postscript, or signature. Many of these (e.g. a byline) may appear either at the start or at the end of a text division proper.

To support this heterogeneity, the TEI architecture defines five classes, all of which are populated by this module:

model.divTop groups elements appearing at the beginning of a text division.
model.divTopPart groups elements which can occur only at the beginning of a text division.
model.divBottom groups elements appearing at the end of a text division.
model.divBottomPart groups elements which can occur only at the end of a text division.
model.divWrapper groups elements which can appear at either top or bottom of a textual division.

By default the class model.divWrapper provides the following special-purpose elements:

argument A formal list or prose description of the topics addressed by a subdivision of a text.
byline contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work.
dateline contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer.
docAuthor (document author) contains the name of the author of the document, as given on the title page (often but not always contained in a byline).
docDate (document date) contains the date of a document, as given (usually) on a title page.
epigraph contains a quotation, anonymous or attributed, appearing at the start of a section or chapter, or on a title page.

The class model.divTop combines these elements with the following elements, which populate the model.divTopPart class:

head (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc.
salute (salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc.
opener groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter.

For further details of the head element, see section 4.2.1 Headings and Trailers; for epigraph and argument, see section 4.2.3 Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts; for opener, see section 4.2.2 Openers and Closers.

The class model.divBottom combines these elements with the following elements, which populate the model.divBottomPart class:

closer groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter.
signed (signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text.
trailer contains a closing title or footer appearing at the end of a division of a text.
postscript contains a postscript, e.g. to a letter.

For further details of the trailer element, see section 4.2.1 Headings and Trailers; for the closer and signed elements, section 4.2.2 Openers and Closers; for the postscript element, section 4.2.3 Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts.

4.2.1 Headings and TrailersTEI: Headings and Trailers¶

The head element is used to identify a heading prefixed to the start of any textual division, at any level. A given division may contain more than one such element, as in the following example:

<div1 n="Etym">
<head>Etymology</head>
<head>(Supplied by a late consumptive usher to a
   grammar school)</head>
<p>The pale Usher — threadbare in coat, heart,
   body and brain; I see him now. He was ever
   dusting his old lexicons and grammars, ...</p>
</div1>

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Unlike some other markup schemes, the TEI scheme does not require that headings attached to textual subdivisions at different hierarchic levels have different identifiers. All kinds of heading are marked identically using the head tag; the type or level of heading intended is implied by the immediate parent of the head element, which may for example be a div1, div2, etc., an un-numbered div, or any member of the model.listLike class. However, as with div elements, the encoder may choose to extend the model.headLike class of which head is the sole member to include other such elements if required.

In certain kinds of text (notably newspapers), there may be a need to categorize individual headings within the sequence at the start of a division, for example as ‘main’ headings, or ‘detail’ headings: this may readily be done using the type or subtype attribute. Specific elements are provided for certain kinds of heading-like features, (notably byline, dateline, and salute; see further section 4.2.2 Openers and Closers), but the type or subtype attributes must be used to discriminate among other forms of heading. These attributes are provided, as elsewhere, by the att.typed attribute class of which the head element is a member.

In the following example, taken from a British newspaper, the lead story and its associated headlines have been encoded as a div element, with appropriate model.divTop elements attached:

<div type="story">
<head rend="underlined" type="sub">President pledges safeguards for 2,400 British
troops in Bosnia</head>
<head rend="scream" type="main">Major agrees to enforced no-fly zone</head>
<byline>By George Jones, Political Editor, in Washington</byline>
<p>Greater Western intervention in the conflict in
former Yugoslavia was pledged by President Bush ...</p>
</div>

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In older writings, the headings or incipits may be longer than in modern works. When heading-like material appears in the middle of a text, the encoder must decide whether or not to treat it as the start of a new division. If the phrase in question appears to be more closely connected with what follows than with what precedes it, then it may be regarded as a heading and tagged as the head of a new div element. If it appears to be simply inserted or superimposed — as for example the kind of ‘pull quotes’ often found in newspapers or magazines, then the quote, q, or cit element may be more appropriate.

The trailer element, which can appear at the end of a division only, is used to mark any heading-like feature appearing in this position, as in this example:

<div type="book" n="I">
<head>In the name of Christ here begins the
   first book of the ecclesiastical history of Georgius Florentinus,
   known as Gregory, Bishop of Tours.</head>
<div>
  <head>Chapter Headings</head>
  <list>

  </list>
</div>
<div>
  <head>In the name of Christ here begins Book I of the history.</head>
  <p>Proposing as I do ...</p>
  <p>From the Passion of our Lord until the death of Saint Martin four
     hundred and twelve years passed.</p>
  <trailer>Here ends the first Book, which covers five thousand, five
     hundred and ninety-six years from the beginning of the world down
     to the death of Saint Martin.</trailer>
</div>
</div>

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4.2.2 Openers and ClosersTEI: Openers and Closers¶

In addition to headings of various kinds, divisions sometimes include more or less formulaic opening or closing passages, typically conveying such information as the name and address of the person to whom the division is addressed, the place or time of its production, a salutation or exhortation to the reader, and so on. Divisions in epistolary form are particularly liable to include such features. Additional elements for the detailed encoding of personal names, dates, and places are provided in chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places. For simple cases, the following elements should be adequate:

byline contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work.
dateline contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer.
salute (salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc.
signed (signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text.

The byline and dateline elements are used to encode headings which identify the authorship and provenance of a division. Although the terminology derives from newspaper usage, there is no implication that dateline or byline elements apply only to newspaper texts. The following example illustrates use of the dateline and signed elements at the end of the preface to a novel:

<div type="preface">
<head>To Henry Hope.</head>
<p>It is not because this volume was conceived and partly
   executed amid the glades and galleries of the Deepdene,
   that I have inscribed it with your name. ... I shall find a
   reflex to their efforts in your own generous spirit and
   enlightened mind.
</p>
<closer>
  <signed xml:lang="el">D.</signed>
  <dateline>Grosvenor Gate, May-Day, 1844</dateline>
</closer>
</div>

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Where a sequence of such elements appear together, either at the beginning or end of an element, it may be convenient to group them together using one of the following elements:

opener groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter.
closer groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter.

The following examples demonstrate the use of the opener and closer grouping elements:

<div type="narrative" n="6">
<head>Sixth Narrative</head>
<head>contributed by Sergeant Cuff</head>
<div type="fragment" n="6.1">
  <opener>
   <dateline>
    <name type="place">Dorking, Surrey,</name>
    <date>July 30th, 1849</date>
   </dateline>
   <salute>To <name>Franklin Blake, Esq.</name> Sir, —</salute>
  </opener>
  <p>I beg to apologize for the delay that has occurred in the
     production of the Report, with which I engaged to furnish you.
     I have waited to make it a complete Report ...</p>
  <closer>
   <salute>I have the honour to remain, dear sir, your
       obedient servant </salute>
   <signed>
    <name>RICHARD CUFF</name> (late sergeant in the
       Detective Force, Scotland Yard, London). </signed>
  </closer>
</div>
</div>

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<div type="letter" n="14">
<head>Letter XIV: Miss Clarissa Harlowe to Miss Howe</head>
<opener>
  <dateline>Thursday evening, March 2.</dateline>
</opener>
<p>On Hannah's depositing my long letter ...</p>
<p>An interruption obliges me to conclude myself
   in some hurry, as well as fright, what I must ever be,</p>
<closer>
  <salute>Yours more than my own,</salute>
  <signed>Clarissa Harlowe</signed>
</closer>
</div>

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For further discussion of the encoding of dates and of names of persons and places, see section 3.5.4 Dates and Times and chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places.

4.2.3 Arguments, Epigraphs, and PostscriptsTEI: Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts¶

The argument element may be used to encode the prefatory list of topics sometimes found at the start of a chapter or other division. It is most conveniently encoded as a list, since this allows each item to be distinguished, but may also simply be presented as a paragraph. The following are thus both equally valid ways of encoding the same argument:

<div type="chap" n="6">
<argument>
  <p>Kingston — Instructive remarks on early English history
     — Instructive observations on carved oak and life in general
     — Sad case of Stivvings, junior — Musings on antiquity
     — I forget that I am steering — Interesting result
     — Hampton Court Maze — Harris as a guide.</p>
</argument>
<p>It was a glorious morning, late spring or early summer, as you
   care to take it ...</p>
</div>

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<div type="chap" n="6">
<argument>
  <list type="inline">
   <item>Kingston</item>
   <item>Instructive remarks on early English history</item>
   <item>Instructive observations on carved oak and life in
       general</item>
   <item>Sad case of Stivvings, junior</item>
   <item>Musings on antiquity</item>
   <item>I forget that I am steering</item>
   <item>Interesting result</item>
   <item>Hampton Court Maze</item>
   <item>Harris as a guide.</item>
  </list>
</argument>
<p>It was a glorious morning, late spring or early summer, as you
   care to take it ...</p>
</div>

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An epigraph is a quotation from some other work appearing on a title page, or at the start of a division. It may be encoded using the special-purpose epigraph element. Its content will generally be a q or quote element, often associated with a bibliographic reference, as in the following example:

<div n="19" type="chap">
<head>Chapter 19</head>
<epigraph>
  <cit>
   <quote>I pity the man who can travel
       from Dan to Beersheba, and say <q>'Tis all
         barren;</q> and so is all the world to him
       who will not cultivate the fruits it offers.
   </quote>
   <bibl>Sterne: Sentimental Journey.</bibl>
  </cit>
</epigraph>
<p>To say that Deronda was romantic would be to
   misrepresent him: but under his calm and somewhat
   self-repressed exterior ...</p>
</div>

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For discussion of quotations appearing other than as epigraphs refer to section 3.3.3 Quotation.

A postscript is a passage added after the signature of a letter or, less frequently, the main portion of the body of a book, article, or essay. In English a postscript is often abbreviated as P.S. or PS, and postscripts are often introduced by labels with one of these abbreviations, as in the following example.

<div type="letter">
<opener>
  <dateline>
   <placeName>Newport</placeName>
   <date when="1761-05-27">May ye 27th 1761</date>
  </dateline>
  <salute>Gentlemen</salute>
</opener>
<p>Capt Stoddard's Business
<lb/>calling him to Providence, have
<lb/>got him to look at Hopkins brigantine
<lb/>& if can agree to Purchase her, shall
<lb/>be much oblig'd for your further
<lb/>assistance herein, & will acquiesce with
<lb/>whatever you & he shall Contract
<lb/>for — I Thank you for your
<lb/>
  <unclear>Line</unclear> respecting the brigantine & Beg
<lb/>leave to Recommend the Bearer
<lb/>to you for your advice & Friendship
<lb/>in this matter</p>
<closer>
  <salute>I am your most humble servant</salute>
  <signed>Joseph Wanton Jr</signed>
</closer>
<postscript>
  <label>P.S.</label>
  <p>I have Mollases, Sugar,
  <lb/>Coffee & Rum, which
  <lb/>will Exchange with you
  <lb/>for Candles or Oyl</p>
</postscript>
</div>

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4.2.4 Content of Textual DivisionsTEI: Content of Textual Divisions¶

Other than elements from the model.divWrapper, model.divTop, or model.divBottom classes, every textual division (numbered or un-numbered) consists of a sequence of ungrouped macro.component elements (see 1.3 The TEI Class System). The actual elements available will depend on the modules in use; in all cases, at least the component-level structural elements defined in the core will be available (paragraphs, lists, dramatic speeches, verse lines and line groups etc.). If the drama module has been selected, then other component- or phrase- level items specialised for performance texts (for example, cast lists or camera angles) will be available, as defined in chapter 7 Performance Texts) will be available. If the dictionary module is in use, then dictionary entries, related entries, etc. (as defined in chapter 9 Dictionaries) will also be available; if the module for transcribed speech is in use, then utterances, pauses, vocals, kinesics, etc., as defined in chapter 8.3 Elements Unique to Spoken Texts will be available; and so on.

Where a text contains low-level elements from more than one module these may appear at any point; there is no requirement that elements from the same module be kept together.

4.3 Grouped and Floating TextsTEI: Grouped and Floating Texts¶

The group element discussed in 4.3.1 Grouped Texts should be used to represent a collection of independent texts which is to be regarded as a single unit for processing or other purposes. The floatingText element discussed in 4.3.2 Floating Texts should be used to represent an independent text which interrupts the text containing it at any point but after which the surrounding text resumes.

group contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc.
floatingText contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes.

4.3.1 Grouped TextsTEI: Grouped Texts¶

Examples of composite texts which should be represented using the group element include anthologies and other collections. The presence of common front matter referring to the whole collection, possibly in addition to front matter relating to each individual text, is a good indication that a given text might usefully be encoded in this way; this structure may be found useful in other circumstances too.

For example, the overall structure of a collection of short stories might be encoded as follows:

<TEI>
<teiHeader>

</teiHeader>
<text>
  <front>
   <docTitle>
    <titlePart> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
    </titlePart>
   </docTitle>
   <docImprint>First published in <title>The Strand</title>
       between July 1891 and December 1892</docImprint>

  </front>
  <group>
   <text>
    <front>
     <head rend="italic">Adventures of Sherlock
           Holmes</head>
     <docTitle>
      <titlePart>Adventure I. —</titlePart>
      <titlePart>A Scandal in Bohemia</titlePart>
     </docTitle>
     <byline>By A. Conan Doyle.</byline>
    </front>
    <body>
     <p>To Sherlock Holmes she is always
     <emph>the</emph> woman. ... </p>

    </body>
   </text>
   <text>
    <front>
     <head rend="italic">Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</head>
     <docTitle>
      <titlePart>Adventure II. —</titlePart>
      <titlePart>The Red-Headed League</titlePart>
     </docTitle>
     <byline>By A. Conan Doyle.</byline>
    </front>
    <body>

    </body>
   </text>
   <text>
    <front>
     <head rend="italic">Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</head>
     <docTitle>
      <titlePart>Adventure XII. —</titlePart>
      <titlePart>The Adventure of the Copper Beeches</titlePart>
     </docTitle>
     <byline>By A. Conan Doyle.</byline>
    </front>
    <body>
     <p>
      <q>To the man who loves art for its
             own sake,</q> remarked Sherlock Holmes ...




           ... she is now the head of a private school
           at Walsall, where I believe that she has
           met with considerable success.</p>
    </body>
   </text>

  </group>
</text>

</TEI>

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A text which is a member of a group may itself contain groups. This is quite common in collections of verse, but may happen in any kind of text. As an example, consider the overall structure of a typical collection, such as the Muses Library edition of Crashaw's poetry. Following a critical introduction and table of contents, this work contains the following major sections:

Steps to the Temple (a collection of verse first published in 1648)
Carmen deo Nostro (a second collection, published in 1652)
The Delights of the Muses (a third collection, published in 1648)
Posthumous Poems, I (a collection of fragments all taken from a single manuscript)
Posthumous Poems, II (a further collection of fragments, taken from a different manuscript)

Each of the three collections published in Crashaw's lifetime has a reasonable claim to be considered as a text in its own right, and may therefore be encoded as such. It is rather more arbitrary as to whether the two posthumous collections should be treated as two groups, following the practice of the Muses Library edition. An encoder might elect to combine the two into a single group or simply to treat each fragment as an ungrouped unitary text.

The Muses Library edition reprints the whole of each of the three original collections, including their original front matter (title pages, dedications etc.). These should be encoded using the front element and its constituents (on which see further section 4.5 Front Matter), while the body of each collection should be encoded as a single group element. Each individual poem within the collections should be encoded as a distinct text element. The beginning of the whole collection would thus appear as follows (for further discussion of the use of the elements div and lg for textual subdivision of verse, see section 3.12.1 Core Tags for Verse and chapter 6 Verse):

<text>
<front>
  <titlePage>
   <docTitle>
    <titlePart>The poems of Richard Crashaw</titlePart>
   </docTitle>
   <byline>Edited by J.R. Tutin</byline>
  </titlePage>
  <div type="preface">
   <head>Editor's Note</head&g

type	characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.
subtype	provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed